di Guido Scorza
Le Sardine oscurate online. Cambiamo strada prima che sia troppo tardi
Pubblicato su L’Espresso il 25 novembre 2019
La pagina Facebook delle Sardine, durante la notte, inaccessibile per ore. Dall’alba è di nuovo online.
La spiegazione data dai promotori del movimento – che, prima dell’oscuramento, non sembra abbiano ricevuto nessuna contestazione, né avvertimento né da Facebook, né da terzi – è che “in assenza di post violenti, offensivi o discriminatori alla base dello stop vi sarebbe una quantità massiccia di segnalazioni trasmesse dolosamente a Facebook”.
È una spiegazione che, val la pena dirlo subito, non appare convincente: guai a pensare che basti un’alta concentrazione di segnalazioni di una pagina per farne scattare l’oscuramento automatico. Se fosse così sarebbe ancora più grave e forse varrebbe la pena un chiarimento*.
Il punto, però, non è questo.
La questione che va affrontata con urgenza è un’altra.
Non è democraticamente sostenibile che la libertà di manifestazione del pensiero online sia così fragile da poter esser travolta, nello spazio di una notte, senza alcuna motivazione, senza uno straccio di contestazione al gestore di una pagina, senza averlo posto in condizione di difendere i contenuti che ospita, senza avergli spiegato perché starebbe violando una qualche norma di legge o regola contrattuale.
Questo in una democrazia moderna semplicemente non può e non deve accadere e tocca ai decisori pubblici, preso atto del fenomeno, impedirlo, arrestarlo o, almeno, scoraggiarlo.
Ma qui la vicenda delle Sardine – che è solo l’ultima di una lunghissima serie – si fa ancora più seria, grave e preoccupante perché episodi come quello appena andato in scena non sono il risultato di un fenomeno generatosi all’insaputa dei Governi e dei Parlamenti, sfuggito al loro controllo, sviluppatosi contro la loro volontà.
Al contrario si tratta di un fenomeno indotto esattamente dai Governi di mezzo mondo – quelli europei inclusi – che, ormai da anni, sentendosi travolti e sopraffatti dalla difficoltà di governare il web hanno progressivamente delegato ai gestori delle piattaforme l’esercizio di alcune funzioni che, in democrazia, costituiscono appannaggio esclusivo di Giudici e – con qualche limite e cautela in più – Autorità amministrative indipendenti.
Magari questa notte Facebook ha sbagliato a oscurare la pagine delle Sardine e, anzi, certamente – anche considerata la rapidità con la quale l’ha riaccesa – Facebook ha sbagliato.
Si sbaglierebbe, tuttavia, a puntare l’indice contro il gigante dei social.
Perché quello di Facebook – e non solo di Facebook – è un riflesso condizionato figlio di una posizione politica diffusa che vuole il gestore di queste piattoforme responsabile dei contenuti che veicola perché guadagna fiumi di denaro dall’esercizio della sua attività.
È accaduto così che si è incoronato Google arbitro della memoria collettiva rendendolo giudice del diritto all’oblio, YouTube arbitro della dieta mediatica di milioni di persone rendendolo giudice del diritto d’autore, Facebook e Twitter tribunali della verità chiedendo loro di bloccare la propagazione delle fakenews e, tutti insieme, signori dell’informazione affidando loro il compito di tenere pulita la Rete da parole d’odio, discriminazione, razzismo e violenza.
Ma è la strada sbagliata ed è l’attuazione del principio macchiavellico secondo il quale il fine giustifica i mezzi, un principio anti-democratico.
Sono le nostre leggi che devono stabilire cosa può essere pubblicato e cosa merita di essere oscurato online come offline e non i termini d’uso delle piattaforme di condivisione dei contenuti e sono i nostri Giudici e le nostre Autorità a dover decidere quando le leggi vengono violate e quando è necessario agire non i moderatori di motori di ricerca, aggregatori di news e socialnetwork.
Forse ha ragione l’attore Sacha Baron Cohen quando dice che se Facebook fosse esistito negli anni ’30 avrebbe consentito a Hitler di fare propaganda nazista online – anche se, per la verità, i termini d’uso della piattaforma lo vietano – ma la soluzione non è esigere che Facebook schieri eserciti di moderatori umani e robot per tenere pulita la sua piattaforma ma che gli Stati esercitino in maniera efficace i loro poteri democratici anche nella dimensione online senza continuare a delegarli a soggetti privati che rispondono prima alle regole degli azionisti e dei mercati internazionali e poi alle nostre Costituzioni.
Ma per imboccare questa strada bisogna avere il coraggio di accettare il rischio che qualche contenuto illecito resti online più a lungo di quanto non accadrebbe se a decidere fossero gli algoritmi o i moderatori dei big di Internet.
Fin qui, questo coraggio è mancato.
Se lo trovassimo il paradigma andrebbe capovolto: divieto assoluto di rimozione di ogni contenuto in assenza di un ordine di un Giudice o di un’Autorità Amministrativa indipendente salvo eccezioni tassative previste dalla legge (pedopornografia, nazismo ecc.), perdita dello status di intermediario della comunicazione e assunzione di quello di editore ogni qualvolta il divieto venga violato, obbligo di collaborazione tecnologica e finanziaria dei gestori delle piattaforme con Giudici e Autorità perché questi ultimi dispongano di risorse idonee a garantire un’efficace amministrazione della giustizia sui contenuti online.
Se teniamo alla nostra democrazia è l’unica strada possibile.
*Periodo aggiunto alle 9.30. Non ho, in effetti, elementi per escludere alcuna ipotesi. Il mio “non appare convincente” è solo figlio del buon senso e di un pizzico di esperienza.
I support your point that it is not democratic that freedom of expression is very fragile and can be suppressed, in one day, without cause or objection. They don’t provide any real facts or content that would violate anything.
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